Figures 4Α

              At the western sides of the projections the pressure is great, due to the differential movement between the crust and the pyrosphere, while east of the projections there is under-pressure (Figs 3a - 4a). When large concentrations of the above mentioned elements form between the crust and the pyrosphere, they are washed up by the pyrosphere under the flat surfaces of the crust, moving from west to east, without causing earthquakes, but producing certain distinctive sounds, which are often heard on the surface. When these elements meet projections, they gather on their western side, displacing the pyrosphere. There the separation of liquids from the pyrosphere is distinct. Because of their pressure and immobility, small quantities of these elements penetrate the solid crust and during their ascent to the surface, they vaporize, due to the dropping of pressure. The penetration of these components causes various phenomena, which can be observed on the surface of the specific location, some with special instrumentation and some without.

   Some useful precursor phenomena to predict the epicenter of earthquakes are:

      1) Crust and atmosphere temperature increase over the location
      2) Changes to the level and temperature of underground waters,
      3) Sulphuric smells and, in case there is a sea or lake over the expected epicentre, the dissolution of these elements in the water causes changes in the behaviour of water organisms or even deaths,
      4) Electromagnetic changes, piezo-currents, etc.,
      5) Effects on the weather (temperature increase - more obvious in winter time).

      These phenomena occur more strongly 2 to 3 days before the earthquake. With the concentration of those liquids to the west of a projection, the pyrosphere is displaced and they occupy this space until they fill it to capacity and reach the lower point of the projection, from where they start escaping to the east.

Due to the fact that at the east of the projection there is under-pressure, the flow of these liquids accelerates. They vaporize, they are ionized and in the form of an explosion all of their mass passes to the east of the projection (Bernoulli Effect) (Figure 3β-4β).

Figure 3B


Figure 4B

   At the time of their escape, various phenomena occur:

•  Strong sound wave (rumble prior to earthquake).

•  The gases are overheated due to internal friction and they are ionized.

•  Under-pressure at the west of the projection.

 The space that contained the above mentioned elements is now forcefully occupied by the liquid pyrosphere, which tends to follow the flow of the gases. Due to its greater viscosity, however, it collides with the projection and causes seismic tremor, cracks in the lithosphere and damages on the surface, especially at the epicentre and to its east.

    The magnitude of an earthquake depends on:     

• The quantity of components,
• the capacity, and
• and the angle of the ledge.

    When a major earthquake occurs under the oceanic crust, at a collision angle to the pyrosphere vertical or almost vertical to the crust, there follows a rapid displacement of large masses of water (TSUNAMI), on the other hand, if the collision angle to a front (Figures 4a and 4b) is parallel to the crust, an earthquake of the same or even larger magnitude does not cause a tsunami. Also, undersea earthquakes and the phenomena that accompany them (strong electric fields, water enrichment with toxic gases, strong tremors) cause problems to the marine organisms in the area. At some places, the oceanic crust is especially thin and has cavities. This is mainly due to continuous breaches of the lithosphere, i.e., in the area of "the Bermuda Triangle" and elsewhere.(Figure 5)

  
Figure 5

    When a large quantity of liquids is located under such a cavity, here also the phenomena related to earthquakes described above occur. In this case, however, no earthquake takes place, because at the same time these elements escape to the east, under-pressure is created in this space; the overlying oceanic water exerts great pressure on the crust, which breaks, because it is thin. The space the pyrosphere would occupy causing an earthquake is now occupied by water. Over this area, during the small period of time this phenomenon occurs, a momentary drop of water level is noticed, as well as under-pressure in the atmosphere and descending air currents. (If this occurs during the night, the water appears bright for a while, due to thermal radiation; if it occurs during the day, the water appears white, due to steams). Ships and airplanes flying at low height are crushed, because of water indraught, the creation of swirls and descending air currents. The time span of these phenomena is small, as the contact of water with the pyrosphere causes the crack of the crust to reconnect quickly and restore equilibrium.